Academic Journal of Materials & Chemistry, 2026, 7(1); doi: 10.25236/AJMC.2026.070104.
Gu Wen1
1School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
Micro/nanomotors represent a novel class of active drug delivery platforms. By leveraging their autonomous propulsion and microenvironment-responsive characteristics, these platforms exhibit great potential in addressing key challenges of conventional cancer therapies, such as poor targeting specificity, susceptibility to drug resistance, and difficulties in overcoming biological barriers within tumors. This review begins with an overview of the propulsion mechanisms of micro/nanomotors, including chemical, physical, and biological approaches. Subsequently, it provides a systematic discussion on the recent research progress in three pivotal areas: targeted drug delivery, regulation of the tumor mechanical microenvironment, and diagnostic-therapeutic integration. Despite existing challenges related to biosafety, in vivo navigation accuracy, and clinical translation, interdisciplinary convergence and continuous design optimization are anticipated to facilitate the substantive application of intelligent micro/nanomotors in precise tumor therapy in the future.
Micro/Nanomotors, Tumor, Therapy
Gu Wen. Research Advances in Micro/Nanomotors for Tumor Therapy. Academic Journal of Materials & Chemistry (2026), Vol. 7, Issue 1: 18-25. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJMC.2026.070104.
[1] Gong Y, Yuan W, Liu S, et al. Physical encapsulation and chemotherapy: a synergistic hydrogel strategy for tumor suppression[J]. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2025, 14(20): e2500511.
[2] Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
[3] Zhan T, Betge J, Schulte N, et al. Digestive cancers: mechanisms, therapeutics and management[J]. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2025, 10(1).
[4] Visser K E de, Joyce J A. The evolving tumor microenvironment: from cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth[J]. Cancer Cell, 2023, 41(3): 374-403.
[5] Aliazis K, Christofides A, Shah R, et al. The tumor microenvironment’s role in the response to immune checkpoint blockade[J]. Nature Cancer, 2025, 6(6): 924-937.
[6] Chen D, Gu X, Liu J, et al. Notch signaling in the tumor microenvironment: recent advances and targeted therapeutics[J]. Molecular Cancer, 2026.
[7] Li D, Chen X, Dai W, et al. Photo-triggered cascade therapy: a NIR-II AIE luminogen collaborating with nitric oxide facilitates efficient collagen depletion for boosting pancreatic cancer phototheranostics[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(13).
[8] Shen W, Li Y, Yang Z, et al. Tumor microenvironment reprogramming combined with immunogenic enhancement by nanoemulsions potentiates immunotherapy[J]. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2024, 22(1).
[9] Xiong K, Lin J, Chen Q, et al. An axis-asymmetric self-driven micromotor that can perform precession multiplying “on-the-fly” mass transfer[J]. Matter, 2023, 6(3): 907-924.
[10] Liu L, Li X, Chen Y, et al. Gout management using uricase and sodium citrate hollow mesoporous nanomotors[J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16(1): 2339.
[11] Tan X, Wang Y, Yuan Y, et al. A catalase-powered self-oxygen-generating soft nanomotor for photodynamic therapy of osteosarcoma[J]. Materials Today Bio, 2025, 32: 101796.
[12] Shi J, Yu Wang, Zhang L, et al. Inorganic catalase-powered nanomotors with hyaluronic acid coating for pneumonia therapy[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 270: 132028.
[13] Fan Y, Ye J, Niu G, et al. Biohybrid nanorobots induce lactate isomer conversion to reverse the immune environment and promote tumor therapy[J]. Science Advances, 2025, 11(46): eadz8419.
[14] Liu S, Lu Y, Feng Q, et al. Self-propelled magnetic nanorobots alleviating tumor hypoxia for targeted drug delivery[J]. Small, 2025, 21(39): e04801.
[15] Yu J, Li Y, Yan A, et al. Self-propelled enzymatic nanomotors from prodrug-skeletal zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for boosting multimodel cancer therapy efficiency[J]. Advanced Science, 2023, 10(22): e2301919.
[16] Simó C, Serra-Casablancas M, Hortelao A C, et al. Urease-powered nanobots for radionuclide bladder cancer therapy[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2024, 19(4): 554-564.
[17] Zhao X, Sun H, Shen Z, et al. X-ray-driven nanomotor with enhanced penetration and retention for carbon monoxide-amplified radioimmunotherapy of advanced colorectal cancer[J]. Materials Today. Bio, 2025, 35: 102398.
[18] Ma Q, Fu S, Xia Y, et al. NO-driven janus nanomotor enhances T-cell infiltration by reconstructing tumor-associated blood and lymphatic vessels[J]. Advanced Science, 2025, 12(44): e12090.
[19] Venturi G, Mancini A, Melchioni N, et al. Visible-frequency hyperbolic plasmon polaritons in a natural van der waals crystal[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 9727.
[20] Song Y, Zhan G, Zhou S F. Design of near infrared light-powered copper phyllosilicate nanomotors for cuproptosis-based synergistic cancer therapy[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34(18).
[21] Dasgupta D, Pally D, Saini D K, et al. Nanomotors sense local physicochemical heterogeneities in tumor microenvironments*[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2020, 59(52): 23690-23696.
[22] Zhu Y, Song Y, Cao Z, et al. Magnetically actuated active deep tumor penetration of deformable large nanocarriers for enhanced cancer therapy[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(35).
[23] Guo X, Fang G, Nie N, et al. Magnetically driven lasing microrobots for precise photodynamic therapy[J]. ACS Nano, 2026, 20(2): 2137-2147.
[24] Huang H, Peng H, He Y, et al. Self-driving and detachable lab-microrobots tailor drug delivery for closed-loop stimulation of the antitumor immune cycle[J]. ACS Nano, 2025, 19(25): 22739-22754.
[25] Zhu L, Song G, Zhang W, et al. Aggregation induced emission luminogen bacteria hybrid bionic robot for multimodal phototheranostics and immunotherapy[J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16(1): 2578.
[26] Gao Y, Mao M, Li Y, et al. A self-directed trojanbot-enzymatic nanobot in neutrobot for active target therapy of glioblastoma[J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16(1): 5263.
[27] Geng M, Du H, Wei X, et al. Engineered platelets-based nano-aircraft system for precise tumor chemo-immunotherapy with graded drug delivery and self-recognized tumor targeting[J]. Science Bulletin, 2025, 70(9): 1462-1477.
[28] Menon I, Zaroudi M, Zhang Y, et al. Fabrication of active targeting lipid nanoparticles: challenges and perspectives[J]. Materials Today Advances, 2022, 16: 100299.
[29] Guo J, Pan X, Wu Q, et al. Bio-barrier-adaptable biomimetic nanomedicines combined with ultrasound for enhanced cancer therapy[J]. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2025, 10(1).
[30] Chen W, Wang Y, Hu H, et al. NIR-II light powered hydrogel nanomotor for intravesical instillation with enhanced bladder cancer therapy[J]. Nanoscale, 2024, 16(21): 10273-10282.
[31] Choi H, Jeong S H, Simó C, et al. Urease-powered nanomotor containing STING agonist for bladder cancer immunotherapy[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 9934.
[32] Wang Z H, Zeng X, Huang W, et al. Bioactive nanomotor enabling efficient intestinal barrier penetration for colorectal cancer therapy[J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16(1): 1678.
[33] Fan X, Chen H, Li Y, et al. Actin-targeted magnetic nanomotors mechanically modulate the tumor mechanical microenvironment for cancer treatment[J]. ACS Nano, 2025, 19(6): 6454-6467.
[34] Zhang D, Ni Z, Tang Q, et al. Light-propelled janus-like organic nanomotors for photo-mechanical cancer therapy[J]. Cell Biomaterials, 2025: 100212.
[35] Tao F, Sun C, Li Y, et al. Rotational-bouncing nanomotors with atomic edges for lysosomal mechanoporation[J]. Matter, 2026, 9(1): 102491.
[36] Zhang D, Lin L, Deng C, et al. Advanced imaging strategies based on intelligent micro/nanomotors[J]. Cyborg and Bionic Systems, 2025, 6: 384.
[37] Sun Z, Wang T, Wang J, et al. Self-propelled janus nanocatalytic robots guided by magnetic resonance imaging for enhanced tumor penetration and therapy[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2023, 145(20): 11019-11032.
[38] Zhang H, Xie D, Chen M, et al. pH/GSH dual-responsive janus-type Au@H-MP@DOX MR molecular imaging nanomotor for combined photothermal/chemotherapeutic treatment of pancreatic cancer[J]. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2025, 22(6): 3491-3507.
[39] Chen X F, Chen Z H, Zhong N, et al. Enhanced glutamine inhibition and photothermal therapy for breast cancer using janus mesoporous organosilica-coated platinum nanomotors[J]. Rare Metals, 2025, 44(10): 7576-7586.
[40] Xu G, Li X, Peng Y, et al. Dual-activated nanomotors as a theranostic platform for photoacoustic imaging-guided combination cancer therapy[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 703(Pt 2): 139194.