The Western Xia period saw the most prosperous period of Dunhuang grotto art development, including the Pure Land Transformation, Manjusri Transformation, Samantabhadra Transformation, Guanyin Sutra Transformation, and Chisheng Guangfo Transformation, with the Pure Land Transformation being particularly popular. The transformation of Pure Land in Jingbian painting continued from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Western Xia dynasty, highlighting its unique artistic characteristics in terms of composition, shape, and color. With the continuous development of Jingbian paintings, the number and scale of Jingtu transformations continued to increase, making Jingtu transformations particularly important during the Western Xia period.

Liu Dong. Analysis of the Pure Land Transformation in the Western Xia Classic Paintings. Frontiers in Art Research (2025), Vol. 7, Issue 5: 53-58. https://doi.org/10.25236/FAR.2025.070508.

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